Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update
Wellbeing effects of outdoor education programs for students over time: a scoping review
Across 20 studies, most results showed outdoor education programmes improved students' wellbeing. Benefits appeared in short and extended programmes and sometimes lasted weeks, months or years.
What's new
This PRISMA-guided scoping review looked at wellbeing outcomes for primary and secondary students who took part in outdoor education programmes, using the PERMA framework (Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and Accomplishment). It also asked whether programme length affects wellbeing over time. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Most results (80%) showed positive effects on relationships, personal growth, self-efficacy and sense of achievement, while 20% showed mixed or no significant change. Positive effects were found at every programme length, from short-term to extended, and were present straight after the programme. Some lasted weeks, months or years afterwards.
Why it matters in Aotearoa
Schools weighing up camps and residential programmes can draw on this when describing wellbeing benefits to boards and whānau. The finding that shorter programmes also showed benefits is useful for schools that cannot run long residential experiences.
Putting it into practice
When planning or reviewing a camp, use the five PERMA areas to set wellbeing goals, then check them with students straight after the programme and again some weeks later.
How strong is the evidence
This is a scoping review of 20 studies. The authors note that study designs varied widely and study quality was a limitation, and a fifth of results showed mixed or no change.
What to read
The results on programme duration and the limitations section.