Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update
Exploring outdoor play: a mixed-methods study of the quality of preschool play environments and teacher perceptions of risky play
US preschool playgrounds scored lowest on challenge, and teachers' average risk tolerance score was 29 out of 100, which points to a need for teacher education about risky play.
What's new
The researchers rated the outdoor environments of 10 US preschools using the Seven Cs Scale. Playgrounds scored lowest on challenge and highest on context and connectivity. They assessed 58 teachers' attitudes with the Tolerance for Risk in Play Scale, where the average score was 29 out of 100. Teachers were most accepting of rough-and-tumble play and least accepting of play with dangerous tools. In a focus group, teachers raised concerns about overly restrictive safety regulations.
Why it matters in Aotearoa
Staff attitudes and the design of outdoor spaces both shape children's chances for beneficial risky play. Early childhood and junior primary settings here can review both.
Putting it into practice
Walk your outdoor play space with staff and identify where children can find real challenge. Then discuss which types of risky play staff feel least comfortable with.
How strong is the evidence
This study combined rating scales with a focus group. The sample of 10 US preschools and 58 teachers is small and may not reflect other settings.
What to read
The results on playground challenge scores and teachers' risk tolerance across play categories.