Research, reports and guidance on education outside the classroom and outdoor education, with a plain-English summary of each and a link to the original. New items are added every week.
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 16(1), 31-482016International
Observations show time outdoors helps young children's physical and social development, including confidence in the face of risk.
Early childhood and nature playWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 8(2), 200-2082016International
The study looks at what predicts positive change in body image for females in an outdoor programme who started with a negative body image.
Wellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 16(1), 78-892016International
The study looks at how teaching a class outside one day a week influenced pupils' social relationships.
Wellbeing and mental healthInternational and cultural perspectives
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 15(4), 350-3702015International
A research collaboration with the Wikwemikong people looked at how a ten-day leadership experience promotes resilience and wellbeing for Indigenous youth.
Wellbeing and mental healthLeadershipInternational and cultural perspectives
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Experiential Education 38(4), 354-3722015International
Findings suggest service-based learning supports young students' academic and social learning and civic efficacy.
Learning and achievement outcomesWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 15(2), 123-1372015International
A project tried to quantify the personal and social benefits of outdoor adventure education and got mixed results.
Learning and achievement outcomesWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 15(1), 40-522015
Youth on a ten-day New Zealand sail training voyage gained resilience that lasted after the voyage.
Wellbeing and mental healthWater and aquatic education
Report2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Learning Away (UK)2015International
An independent evaluation finds residential learning has a positive effect on engagement, achievement and relationships.
School camps and tripsLearning and achievement outcomesWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 14(1), 24-412014International
A Singapore secondary camp improved competencies such as self-awareness, social awareness, self-management, relationship management and responsible decision-making.
Wellbeing and mental healthSchool camps and trips
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Computers in Human Behavior 39, 387-3922014International
After five days at an outdoor camp without screens, preteens improved at reading nonverbal emotional cues.
School camps and tripsWellbeing and mental healthLearning and achievement outcomes
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Social Psychology of Education 17(4), 571-6012014
Evidence from the NZ sail-training vessel Spirit of New Zealand shows participants' self-esteem rose and stayed higher over time.
Wellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 5(2), 169-1722013International
A mountain biking programme was linked to small but consistently higher resilience in 87 adolescent girls, which persisted over time.
Wellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 5(1), 37-532013International
A mountain biking programme for adolescent girls is explored for its effect on body image, gender stereotyping and resilience.
Inclusion and equityWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 13(3), 255-2762013International
Audio recordings of children show outdoor spaces with less adult control gave freedom for sustained play and interaction between children.
Wellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 13(3), 238-2542013International
Case studies of three at-risk children show how a nurturing forest programme stimulated resilience.
Wellbeing and mental healthInclusion and equity
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 5(3), 140-1442013
The research questions the educational value of overnight solos for adolescent boys and points to anxieties that need careful support.
Teaching and facilitation outdoorsWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 13(2), 158-1792013International
The paper argues outdoor educators should be more critical and specific about what they aim to achieve around self-esteem and how they measure it.
Wellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 12(2), 137-1552012International
A solo study found participants named personally meaningful outcomes, centred on self-awareness, social relationships and a sense of connection to landscape.
Teaching and facilitation outdoorsWellbeing and mental healthPlace-based learning and te taiao
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 4(1), 27-442012International
The study looks at peer dynamics around body consciousness on camp and suggests ways to prevent body dissatisfaction.
Wellbeing and mental healthSchool camps and trips
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 11(1), 1-142011International
Girls reported three benefits of all-girls adventure programmes: safety and comfort, connection to others, and freedom from stereotypes.
Inclusion and equityWellbeing and mental health
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)Environment and Behavior 41(2), 268-2802009International
The article discusses declining outdoor play and how adventure playgrounds support learning, independence, self-esteem and positive risk-taking.
Early childhood and nature playRisk and safetyWellbeing and mental health