Research

Research

Research, reports and guidance on education outside the classroom and outdoor education, with a plain-English summary of each and a link to the original. New items are added every week.

The library began with Education Outside the Classroom: Applied Research Readings 2010–2017(McNatty & Boyes, University of Otago, 2017). Later items were found, summarised and checked with AI assistance using the same method: every reference is checked against the publisher's record, every summary against the published abstract, and only items rated high confidence by two independent relevance checks are published. Summaries are a guide: read the original before citing it.

Research library

95 items

Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update

Wild Pedagogies: Six Initial Touchstones for Early Childhood Environmental Educators

Australian Journal of Environmental Education26 April 2018International

Six 'touchstones' for wild pedagogies give early childhood environmental educators a way to think about nature as a co-teacher and about letting go of control.

Early childhood and nature playTeaching and facilitation outdoorsSustainability and environmental education
Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update

Pedagogical content knowledge and the teaching of outdoor education

Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning20 March 2018International

This paper adapts the idea of pedagogical content knowledge to outdoor education, proposing a framework for the knowledge outdoor teachers need.

Educator capability and PLDTeaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update

Cultivating Nature Connection: Instructor Narratives of Urban Outdoor Education

Journal of Experiential Education9 November 2017International

Instructors in a Toronto urban outdoor programme described building children's nature connection as creating space for it, engaging that space, and broadening it.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsPlace-based learning and te taiao
Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update

Outdoor learning spaces: The case of forest school

Area30 June 2017International

Forest school leaders see the outdoor site as a separate, more flexible learning space where children and adults work out new ways of teaching and learning together.

Teaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update

Mindful Place-Based Education: Mapping the Literature

Journal of Experiential Education23 June 2017International

A literature review argues that combining mindfulness with place-based education may help teachers and students experience place more deeply and think critically about power structures.

Place-based learning and te taiaoTeaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Experientially learning and teaching in a student-directed classroom

Journal of Experiential Education2017International

A study explores the successes, challenges, surprises and pedagogical risks for students and a professor in a student-directed experiential education course.

Teaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

School-based experiential outdoor education: A neglected necessity

Journal of Experiential Education 40(1), 58-712017International

The study supports school-based experiential outdoor education as a way to engage students in meaningful, memorable and motivating learning.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsLearning and achievement outcomes
Peer-reviewed research2017–2026 update

Field trips to natural environments: how outdoor educators use the physical environment

International Journal of Science Education, Part B8 November 2016International

Outdoor educators on field trips often pointed out scientific concepts but rarely worked on values and attitudes; structured active learning stood out as contributing to a variety of outcomes.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsSchool camps and tripsSustainability and environmental education
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Adventure education: Redux

Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning2016

The authors argue that a focus on risk and danger limits the teaching potential of adventure, and propose an approach based on the learner's everyday life.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsRisk and safety
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Service learning as holistic values pedagogy

Journal of Experiential Education 39(2), 115-1292016International

The article draws together evidence linking service learning to the goals of education, including personal, social and academic achievement.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsLearning and achievement outcomes
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

The return home: Transitioning from a 28-day remote outdoor education programme

Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education 19(1), 42-502016

The research stresses supporting students through the transition home after a long outdoor programme, including assessing learning through project work.

School camps and tripsTeaching and facilitation outdoorsCurriculum and assessment
Book2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Adventurous learning: A pedagogy for a changing world

Routledge2016International

The book outlines the key elements of a pedagogy of adventurous learning that educators can adapt to their own contexts.

Teaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

'Touched by the Earth': a place-based outdoor learning programme incorporating the Arts

Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning 15(4), 330-3492015International

Working with young adolescents, the study found the Arts play a crucial role in embodied, multi-sensory learning that nurtures nature awareness and attachment.

Place-based learning and te taiaoTeaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Comparison of methods to teach magnetic declination

Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 7(2), 158-1652015International

The article describes and compares four methods of teaching magnetic declination.

Teaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Critical thinking assessment across four sustainability-related experiential learning settings

Journal of Experiential Education 38(4), 373-3932015International

The project examined critical thinking in four experiential sustainability courses and discusses a conceptual model of integrated planning, design, content and scaffolded application.

Sustainability and environmental educationTeaching and facilitation outdoorsLearning and achievement outcomes
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Does challenge by choice increase participation?

Journal of Experiential Education 38(2), 108-1282015International

The article discusses student responses to a challenge by choice programme, including its benefits and caveats.

Teaching and facilitation outdoors
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Being close to each other

Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership 6(1), 20-322014International

The article examines progressions in experiential learning and how more proficient kayakers guide learners.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsWater and aquatic education
Peer-reviewed research2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Autonomous student experiences in outdoor and adventure education

Journal of Experiential Education 37(1), 4-172014International

The article discusses giving students independence in outdoor programmes while keeping appropriate supervision and staying within safety bounds.

Teaching and facilitation outdoorsRisk and safety
Guidance2017 Otago review (McNatty & Boyes)

Guidelines for assessment of experiential learning

McGill University, Montreal2014International

A guide offering several strategies for assessing experiential learning.

Curriculum and assessmentTeaching and facilitation outdoors